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Q.7. Mention the main contributions of Syyed Ahmed Khan in the field of education. (2 marks)
Ans. In 19th century, Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan emerged as the most outstanding reformer among the Muslim population. Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan introduced several reforms for the promotion of Muslims. He interpreted this holy text in the light of intellectualism and science. He inspired the Muslims to become liberal and free from social evils. He gave top priority to western education. In 1875, he founded Muhammedan Anglo - Oriental School at Aligarh which, in 1920, expanded, to become the Aligarh Muslim University.
Q.8. What were the main differences that divided the Congress after the Non -Co-operation Movement? Describe the main activities in which the Congress leaders holding different views were involved? (5 marks)
Ans. On 1 February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi started the civil disobedience and the non-co-operation movement but the Chaura Chauri incident of violence made Gandhi withdrew the movement. Thus, the wave of nationalism under Gandhi started ebbing and it created differences between the Congress leaders such as Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru and C.R.Das. These two leaders pleaded for Indians to enter the legislative councils to obstruct the government plan of using these councils for their own use. They were more revolutionised in their plan for achieving independence. On the other hand, congress leaders such as Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Dr. Ansari and Rajendra Prasad continued to give their support to Gandhi and opposed the council entry programme. They wanted to attain self -governance without violence.
It was under these circumstances that C.R. Das and Pundit Nehru created the Swarajya Party in December 1922 AD. Q. When was the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association set up? Explain the ideas that the leaders of this association advocated. Ans. The Hindustan Socialist Association (HSRA) was formed in 1928 AD under the leadership of Chandra Shekhar Azad. Initially it was known as the Hindustan Republican Association which, was organised with an aim of organising an armed revolution against the British .
The name was changed when its revolutionary came under socialist ideas. These men gradually moved from individual heroic actions and act of violence to change their agenda and explained to people the need for a revolution by the masses. The members of the HSRA included Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Lala Lajpatrai. Their ideas were more akin to Marxism -Leninism .They wanted to overthrow the British rule in India and establish Socialism and Democracy. They sought to inculcate feeling of Nationalism and patriotism among masses.
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