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Q. How did the concept of equality before law introduced by the British in India operate in practice?
Ans. The Indian legal system under the British was based on the concept of equality before law. In theory, this meant that that all men were equal before the law. The same law would apply to all persons irrespective of their caste, religion, or class. But in practice, justice was not same for all men. The Europeans and their descendants had separate courts and laws. In criminal cases only European judges who gave undue protection and consequently light or no punishment to their counterparts could try them. Justice in India was quite expensive, as court fees had to be paid lawyers engaged, and the expenses of the witness met. The courts were often situated in distant towns and the complicated laws were beyond the grasp of the illiterate and ignorant Indian populace. More often than not, it was the rich who were able to manipulate the laws and courts to operate in their own favour. Moreover, the widespread prevalence of corruption in the ranks of the police and the rest of the administrative machinery led to the denial of justice in most of the cases.
Q.4 What were the causes of religious discontent against the British rule? How did they contribute to the outbreak of the revolt of 1857?
(5 marks)
Ans. British introduced many religious and social changes which became the causes of discontent among the Indians in the beginning of the 19th century. Along with establishing an empire in India, the British propagated Western culture and Christianity which was resented by orthodox Indian population. The reforms such as banning the custom of sati , human sacrifice and child marriage created an atmosphere of suspicion among Indians who saw these reforms as an attack on Indian customs and religion. The Christian missionaries were also responsible for the rise of discontent among Indians. Both the Hindus and the Muslims inhabiting India had great faith in their religion but the English missionaries used abusive language for their great saints. They did not pay any respect to the high priests of Muslims and Hindus who enjoyed considerable power and support of Indian population. It was the high priests who instigated both Hindus and Muslims against the British at the time of revolt of 1857.
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Q. Why did the modern educated Indians did not support the revolt of 1857?
Ans One of main reason for the failure of the mighty revolt of 1857 was the non-participation of masses. Many sections of the Indian population did not provide their support to the Revolt. One such section was the modern educated Indians. This class was repelled by the rebel’s appeals to superstitions and their opposition to progressive social measures. The Indian intellegensia wanted to end the backwardness of their country by removing illiteracy and introducing modern reforms. They mistakenly believed that the British rule would help them accomplish these tasks of modernisation while the rebels, led by zamindars, old rulers and chieftains and other feudal elements, would take the country backward. The dreams of this educated class were shattered by late 19th century when they learned from experience that foreign rule was incapable of modernising the country and that it would instead impoverish it and keep it backward.
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