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Q.6. How did the British rule hamper the growth of modern industries in India? (5 marks)
Ans. The Indian economy was based on handicraft industries and agriculture before the Britishers came in India. Much of the production was based on cottage and small-scale industries. The works of Indian goldsmiths, blacksmiths, cotton weavers, silk weavers were in great demand not only in India but also abroad.The 18th century witnessed the emergence of industrial revolution in Britain. The industrial revolution created the need for Indian raw material but it ruined the handicraft industry as the British manufactured goods now flooded Indian markets at much lower costs. On the other hand, the demand for the Indian handicraft was strategically barred by imposing high tariff duties on Indian exports such as manufactured silk and cotton cloth apparels.
The modern industries, which were opened in India, were controlled and financed by the Britishers to cater to their own needs. India lacked heavy industries such as mettulurgy, machine, fertilisers etc. which made Indians import it from Abroad. The government did not give any economic support to the development of such industries.
OR
Q. Explain the main issues of women’s emancipation which were raised by the social reformers in the 19th century.
Ans . The position of Indian women in 19th century was very low in society. The 19th century social reform movement led by reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy , Ishwar chandra Vidyasagar, Dayanand Saraswati , Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan a considerable role in emancipation of women of Indian society and remove the social stigma attached for being a woman.
Education of girl child was one major issue taken up by the social reformers. The aim was to educate and liberate the woman from social evils. The dowry system was criticised. Female infanticide was banned. Child marriage was banned in 1920’s and the marriageable age of women was fixed at 14. The social evil of sati was also banned. Ishwar chandra vidyasagar and Raja ram Mohan Roy played an important role in encouraging widow to remarriage.
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