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Q.15. List any four points suggested by Wilson for maintaining peace after the First World War.
(2 marks)
Ans. The American president Woodrow Wilson, after the First World War, placed 14 points before the allied nations, which were meant to restore peace and eliminate war. In these 14 points, the president proposed to:
Give up secret diplomacies and to have open alliances and treaties.reduction of armaments by all nations; Freedom in the use of seas by all nations both in war and in peace; remove barriers on international trade; establishment of League Of Nations for the guarantee of political independence and territorial integrity different states; re-arrangement of territories given up by Russia on the basis of self determination; freedom of Serbia and Romania. and establishment of free state of Poland.
Q.16. Trace the rise of the United States of America as major industrial and imperialist power by the end of the 19th century.(8 marks)
Ans. `The American War of Independence from the British rule broke out in 1775 . The thirteen colonies, which comprised of America attained their Independence in 1783. The 19th century America emerged as a powerful nation with no traits of its earlier colonial status. The road to recovery and development was tedious but rapid.
USA purchased vast territories of Louisiana and Alaska from France and Russia and seized Texas and California from Mexico after a war with that country. Between 1861 and 1865, there was a civil war in when the Southern states of U.S.A. which were primarily agricultural with plantations worked by slave labor were defeated and the Industrial North America came to power. Within about three decades of the Civil War, USA had become a major Industrial power in the world. By the end of the nineteenth century she was producing about one- third of the total production of iron and steel in the world. There was 300,000 km. Of railroads in the country, which exceeded the combined railroads of Europe. She produced and consumed more oil and gas than the rest of the world put together.
All this was made possible because of good administrators, abundant supply of natural resources, availability of raw materials and a market for the consumption of its finished products. But the most important reason for American growth was Monopoly Capitalism by which a few big industrialists such as Rockefellers were able to capture the world market.
This amazing growth of the USA went unnoticed by the other nations as USA had a general lack of interest in European affairs. But by 1890’s USA emerged as a new imperialist power, joining the Europeans in the search of colonies in 1881, it conquered the Hawaiian Islands. In 1893, it declared its hegemony over the American continent by taking over Venezuela and British Guinea. In 1898, the US went to War with Spain and took over Cuba and Puerto Rico.It also captured the Guam Island in Pacific from the Spanish. US also demanded its share in China by the ‘open door policy’. When the Boxer rebellion broke out in China, the US troops joined the troops of the European countries in suppressing it and in occupying Beijing.It entered in a secret alliance with Japan which gave US the right to trade freely in Japan. Through President Roosevelt’s Monroe Doctrine U.S. also got the right to intervene in the internal affairs of her neighboring countries such as Latin America.
Thus by the Second World War USA emerged as a super power whose development was based on its strong economy and profitable colonies.
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